Big Bang theory is rather adequate, with respect to observations. But it's incomplete. Your question is about the pre-planck epoch, a state of the universe, when space and time didn't exist in a way we are used to in standard physics.
Nothing is really known (by empirical evidence) about this state, although there are theoretical approches (e.g. this one), which try to describe even those highly non-local and non-causal structures, from which "eventually" the Planck epoch could emerge.
The Planck epoch, lasting from zero to about $10^{-43}mbox{ s}$, the Planck time, is still far from being understood, since the energy needed to fully investigate this state of the universe is far beyond accessible to experiments. We just know, that neither general relativity nor quantum theory describe this state correctly. Research about quantum gravity tries to fill this gap.
You may think of the pre-Planck and the Planck epoch as a state of the universe, which is dominated by quantum fluctuations. They don't need a reason or a cause to occur. They are a consequence of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
As an example, if you try to measure time with very high precision, you'll get an increasing uncertainty in the energy measurement of the observed particle (time-energy-uncertainty). Within the very short Planck epoch, high energy fluctuations needed to occur, since both values (time and energy) cannot be pinned down together.
The reason for the Big Bang is thought to be such a kind of quantum fluctuations, yet not understood in very detail.
Questions like where?, when?, and why? don't apply in the intuitive sense to quantum phenomena. It's more a matter of probabilities, waves, and relations between observable values, without the observable values themselves being defined independently.
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