As a follow-up to Jim's answer (which came in as I was typing an inferior answer), let me add that the 7 possible embeddings are given in the $C_3$ entry of Table VI in the paper: Classification of semisimple subalgebras of simple Lie algebras by Lorente and Gruber. It's of course based on Dynkin, but they work out the details up to rank 6.
Added
The defining vectors for the 7 embeddings are given by: (1,0,0), (1,1,0), (1,1,1), (2,2,0), (3,1,0), (3,1,1) and (5,3,1). Recall that the embedding with defining vector $(a,b,c)$ is one for which the Cartan generator $H$ of the $mathfrak{sl}(2)$ subalgebra is given by $H = a H_1 + b H_2 + c H_3$, where $(H_i)$ is an orthonormal basis of a Cartan subalgebra of $C_3$ containing $H$.
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