Here's a dumb counterexample. If C is an abelian category, so is Cop. In Cop, filtered colimits are filtered limits in C. And, of course, there are many examples of abelian categories (such as abelian groups) where filtered limits aren't exact.
Of course, your question is really: when is an abelian category C sufficiently close to Set, so that we can ratchet up the fact that filtered colimits are exact in Set to a proof for C.
Any category of sheaves of abelian groups on a space (or on a Grothendieck topos) will have exact filtered colimits, for instance.
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