ag.algebraic geometry - injective objects

First of all, let me quote the famous paper by Grothendieck "Sur quelques points d'algebre homologique" (Tohoku Math part 1 & part 2). According to Theorem 1.10.1 there, every abelian category satisfying (AB5) (equivalent to exactness of filtered direct limits) and with a generator has enough injectives, For every scheme $X$ it is well known that $Qco(X)$ is abelian and satisfies (AB5), see, for instance, EGA I, new edition, Corollaire (2.2.2)(iv) where it is proved that such a limit preserves quasi-coherence.

So, the only issue is the existence of a generator. For some time it was known that over a quasi-compact quasi-separated scheme, $Qco(X)$ has a generator. For a nice geometric argument, consult the proof of Theorem (4) in Kleiman's "Relative duality for quasi-coherent sheaves". Note that any noetherian scheme $X$ is quasi-compact and quasi-separated, EGA I, (6.1.1) and (6.1.13).

Surprisingly, using techniques from relative homological algebra, Enochs and Estrada proved in 2005 the existence of a generator for any scheme. See their paper "Relative homological algebra in the category of quasi-coherent sheaves". (There was a previous unpublished proof by O. Gabber).

Summing up, for any scheme $X$, the category $Qco(X)$ has enough injectives.